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Researchers have found that REM（rapid eye movement)sleep is important to human beings. Thi

Researchers have found that REM(rapid eye movement)sleep is important to human beings. This type of sleep generally occurs four or five times during one night of sleep lasting five minutes to forty minutes for each occurrence. The deeper a persons sleep becomes, the longer the periods of rapid eye movement. There are physical changes in the body to show that a person has changed from NREM(non-rapid eye movement)to REM sleep. Breathing becomes faster, the heart rate increases, and, as the name implies, the eyes begin to move quickly. Accompanying these physical changes in the body there is a very important characteristic of REM sleep. It is during REM sleep that a person dreams.

According to the passage, how often does REM sleep occur in one night？

A．Once.

B．Twice.

C．Four or five times.

D．Forty times.

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更多“Researchers have found that RE…”相关的问题

第1题

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that " social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influential, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication" : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don' t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades"—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.

By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to （）.

A.analyze the consequences of social epidemics.

B.discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas.

C.exemplify people' s intuitive response to social epidemics.

D.describe the essential characteristics of influentials.

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第2题

In the recent past, medical researchers have shown that heart disease is associated with c

ertain factors in our day-to-day lives: with stress, with smoking, with poor nutrition (营养), and with a (51) of exercise. Doctors and other health experts have been (52) the fact that we can often reduce the (53) of heart disease by paying more attention to these factors.

More and more people are realizing that there is a (54) between heart disease and the way they live. As a result of this new (55) , attitudes toward health are changing:In the past, people tend to think that it was sufficient for good health to have a good doctor who could be (56) on to know exactly what to do when they became ill. (57) they are realizing that merely receiving the best treatment (58) illness or injury "is not enough. They are learning that they must (59) more responsibility for their own health. Today many people are changing their dietary (60) and eating food with less fat and cholesterol(胆固醇). Many are paying more attention to reducing (61) in their lives. The number of smokers in the United States is now far below the level of twenty years ago because many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people (62) it up. More and more are aware of the (63) of regular exercise like walking, running, or swimming, some have begun to walk or ride bicycles to work instead of made. Millions have become members of health clubs and have made health clubs one of the fastest growing businesses in the United States today. And now the (64) effects of these changing attitudes and behaviors are beginning to appear: a(n) (65) decrease in deaths from heart disease.

(51)

A．shortage

B．failure

C．plenty

D．lack

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第3题

Thomas Malthus published his Essay on the Principle of Populationalmost 200 years ago. Eve

Thomas Malthus published his Essay on the Principle of Population

almost 200 years ago. Ever since then, forecasters have being warning 【M1】 ______

that worldwide famine was just around the next comer. The fast-growing

population's demand for food, they warned, would soon exceed their 【M2】 ______

supply, leading to widespread food shortages and starvation.

But in reality, the world's total grain harvest has risen steadily over the

years. Except for relative isolated trouble spots like present-day Somalia, 【M3】 ______

and occasional years of good harvests, the world's food crisis has remained 【M4】 ______

just around the comer. Most experts believe this can continue even as ff 【M5】 ______

the population doubles by the mid-21st century, although feeding l0 billion

people will not be easy for politics, economic and environmental reasons. 【M6】 ______

Optimists point to concrete examples of continued improvements in yield.

In Africa, by instance, improved seeds, more fertilizers and advanced 【M7】 ______

growing practices have more than double com and wheat yields in an 【M8】 ______

experiment. Elsewhere, rice experts in the Philippines are producing

a plant with few stems and more seeds. There is no guarantee that plant 【M9】 ______

breeders can continue to develop new, higher-yielding crop, but most 【M10】______

researchers see their success to date as reason for hope.

【M1】

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第4题

Loneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it c

an also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25% more likely to do the same. Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.

The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.

The new findings involved more than 5,000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.

For example, loneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.

Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. The study found that having a lonely friend can add about 17 days. But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%, or two and a half days.

Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to make friends—and more likely that society will reject them.

John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their social networks.

The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a "protective barrier" against loneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart.

Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among people？

A．Friendship.

B．Happiness.

C．Depression.

D．Smoking.

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第5题

Although photography （the Greek word for "writing withlight") and Filmmaking are now so mu

Although photography (the Greek word for "writing with

light") and Filmmaking are now so much a part of our visual world

that we take them for granted, they are relative recent inventions. 【1】______

From the time of the Renaissance, many artists had used the

CAMERA OBSCURA draw forms and linear perspective accurately. 【2】______

A camera obscura was a dark room or box With light entering in a 【3】______

tiny hole, perhaps focused on by a lens. An inverted image from the 【4】______

world beyond would be thrown on the opposite wall or side, and its

outlines could be traced on paper. But it was until the first half of【5】______

the nineteenth century that several researchers working independent 【6】______

of each other found ways to capture this image permanently.

Late in the nineteenth century, sequences of still pictures began【7】______

to lead to “movies.” In the mid-twentieth century, the technology 【8】______

of capturing moving images from the world had evolved wireless 【9】______

television broadcasts. And now computer video graphics have opened

up vast new range of possibilities that may or may not originate in 【10】______

the world that we see.

【M1】

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第6题

Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each p

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： Do you have a tough math test coming up？ Then listen to some classical piano music just before the test. You might come up with a higher score. Researchers at a university in California conducted an experiment. They asked a group of college students to listen to some piano music by a famous 18th century composer before taking a math test. They were surprised to find that the students' scores jumped 8 to 9 points. The music seems to excite nerve activities in the brain; similar to the activity that occurs when a person is figuring out a math problem. However, the scientists warn before you get too excited about applying this method to your math test, you should remember that brain exciting effects last only 10 or 15 minutes. Would rock music work as well as the piano music did？ No, the scientists say. In fact, the less complex music might even interfere with the brain's reasoning ability.

(27)

A．The difference between classical music and rock music.

B．Why classical music is popular with math students.

C．The effects of music on the results of math tests.

D．How to improve your reasoning ability.

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第7题

Mobile Phones:Are They about to Transform. Our Lives？ We love them so much that some of u

s sleep with them under the pillow,yet we are increasingly concerned that we cannot escape their electronic reach.We use them to convey our most intimate secrets,yet we worry that they are a threat to our privacy.We rely on them more than the lnternet to cope with modern life,yet many of us don’t believe advertisements saying we need more advanced services.

Sweeping aside the doubts that many people feel about the benefits of new third generation phones and fears over the health effects of phone masts(天线竿),a recent report clains that the long-term effects of new mobile technologies will be entirely positive so long as the public can be convinced to make use of them.Research about users of mobile phones reveals that the mobile has already moved beyond being a mere practical communications tool to become the backbone (支柱)of modern social life,from love affairs to friendship to work.One female teacher,32,told the researchers:“I love my phone.It’s my friend.”

The close relationship between user and phone is most pronounced among teenagers,the report says,who regard their mobiles as an expression of their identity.This is partly because mobiles are seen as being beyond the control of parents.But the researchers suggest that another reason may be that mobiles,especially taxt messaging,are seen as a way of overcoming shyness.“Texting is often used for apologies,to excuse lateness or to communicate other things that make us uncomfortable,”the report says,The impact of phones,however,has been local rather than global,supporting existing friendships and networks,rather than opening users to a new broader community.Even the language of texting in one area can be incomprehensible to anybody from another area.

Among the most important benefits of using mobile phones,the report claims,will be a vastly improved mobile infrastructure(基础设施),providing gains throughout the economy,and the provision of a more sophisticated location-based services for users.The report calls on govemment to put more effort into the delivery of services by bobile phone,with suggestions including public transport and traffic information and doctors’ text messages to remind patients of appointments.“I love that idea,”one user said in an interview.“It would mean I wouldn’t have to write a hundred messages to myself.”

There are many other possibilities.At a recent trade fair in Sweden,a mobile navigation product was launched.When the user enters a destination,a route is automatically downloaded to their mobile and presented by voice,pictures and maps as they drive.In future,these devices will also be able to plan around congestion(交通堵塞)and road works in real time.Third generation phones will also allow for remote monitoring of patients by doctors.In Britain scientists are developing a asthma(哮喘)management solution,using mobiles to detect early signs of an attack.

第11题：What does the writer suggest in the first paragraph about our attitudes to mobile phones？

A．We can’t live without them.

B．We are worried about using them so much.

C．We have contradictory feelings about them.

D．We need them more than anything else to deal with modem life.

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第8题

根据下列文章，回答31～35题。The relationship between formal education and economic growth in

poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its prebubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotiveassembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.

What is the real relationship between education and economic development？ We have begun to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.

第31题：The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries

A．is subject to groundless doubts.

B．has fallen victim of bias.

C．is conventionally downgraded.

D．has been overestimated.

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第9题

The researchers didn't refer to the lists of invaders published by governmental agencies d

ue to ______ consideration.

A．financial

B．political

C．academic

D．economic

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第10题

Do you ever feel like the weather is out to get you？ All week long, it seems, you sit insi

de at school while the sun shines outside. Then, as soon as the weekend comes, the sky turns gray. There's rain in the forecast.

In some ways, you may be right. Weekend weather differs from weekday weather in certain places, say researchers who studied more than 40 years of weather data from around the world. They focused on temperature differences between daytime highs and nighttime lows. This difference measurement is called the daily temperature range, or DTR.

Part of the study involved 660 weather stations in the continental United States. At more than 230 of these sites, the average DTR for Saturday, Sunday, and Monday was different from the average DTR for Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, the researchers found. The difference was small only several tenths of a Celsius degree-but the pattern was striking enough to make the scientists take notice.

In the southwestern U. S., temperature ranges were typically broader on weekends. In the Midwest, weekdays saw larger daily temperature variations.

This sort of weekly rise and fall doesn't line up with any natural cycles, the researchers say. Instead, they blame human activities, possibly air pollution from those activities, for these weather effects. For example, tiny particles in the air could affect the amount of cloud cover, which would in turn affect daily temperatures.

So, tiny windborne particles from California, generated on weekdays, might first affect weather close to home in the southwest, then later influence midwestern weather.

It looks like your weekend weather has a lot to do with which way the wind blows and where it comes from.

It can be concluded that ______.

A．the sky always turns gray only on weekends.

B．in the Midwest, weekdays saw larger daily temperature variations sometimes.

C．this difference measurement is called DTR, meaning the daytime temperature range.

D．part of the study involved 660 weather stations only in the United Nation.

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第11题

完形填空：Could a hug a day keep the doctor away？ The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away？ The answer may be a resounding "yes!"1helping you feel close and2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you4getting sick this winter.

In a recent study5over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being7to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come8with a cold ,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.11among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12.

"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13risk for colds that's usually14with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps15the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty."

Some experts17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone"18it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19in the brain, where it20mood, behavior. and physiology.

1、A.Unlike

B.Besides

C.Despite

D.Throughout

2、A.connected

B.restricted

C.equal

D.inferior

3、A.choice

B.view

C.lesson

D.host

4、A.recall

B.forget

C.avoid

D.keep

5、A.collecting

B.involving

C.guiding

D.affecting

6、A.of

B.in

C.at

D.on

7、A.devoted

B.exposed

C.lost

D.attracted

8、A.across

B.along

C.down

D.out

9、A.calculated

B.denied

C.doubted

D.imagined

10、A.served

B.required

C.restored

D.explained

11、A.Even

B.Still

C.Rather

D.Thus

12、A.defeats

B.symptoms

C.tests

D.errors

13、A.minimized

B.highlighted

C.controlled

D.increased

14、A.equipped

B.associated

C.presented

D.compared

15、A.assess

B.moderate

C.generate

D.record

16、A.in the face of

B.in the form. of

C.in the way of

D.in the name of

17、A.transfer

B.commit

C.attribute

D.return

18、A.because

B.unless

C.though

D.until

19、A.emerges

B.vanishes

C.remains

D.decreases

20、A.experiences

B.combines

C.justifies

D.influences

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